Selectively expanding spine cage, hydraulically controllable in three dimensions for vertebral body replacement

ABSTRACT

A selectively expanding spine cage has a minimized diameter in its unexpanded state that is smaller that the diameter of the neuroforamen through which it passes in the distracted spine. The cage conformably engages between the endplates of vertebrae to effectively distract the anterior disc space, stabilize the motion segments, eliminate pathologic spine motion, or effect vertebral body replacement. Angular deformities can be corrected, and natural curvatures restored and maintained. The cage enhances spinal arthrodesis by creating a rigid spine segment, or if filled with compressible substances, the cage can be used for motion preservation between vertebral bodies. Expanding selectively (anteriorly, along the vertical axis of the spine) rather than uniformly, the cage height increases and holds the vertebrae with fixation forces greater than adjacent bone and soft tissue failure forces in natural lordosis. Stability is thus achieved immediately, enabling patient function by eliminating painful motion. The cage shape intends to rest proximate to the anterior column cortices securing the desired spread and fixation, allowing for bone graft in, around, and through the implant for arthrodesis whereas for arthroplasty it fixes to endpoints but cushions the spine naturally.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/535,432, filed Sep. 26, 2006, which application claims priority to U.S. provisional patent application Ser. 60/720,784, filed Sep. 26, 2005 each of which is incorporated herein its entirety by this reference thereto.

BACKGROUND FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The field of the invention relates to medical devices for stabilizing the vertebral motion segment. More particularly, the field of the invention relates to a remotely activated, hydraulically controllable, selectively expanding cage (SEC) and method of insertion for providing controlled spinal correction in three dimensions for improved spinal intervertebral body distraction and fusion, and for vertebral body replacement.

Current Inability to Expand and Distract Endplates

A conventional spine cage or implant is characterized by a kidney bean shaped body comprising a hydroxyapetite coated surface provided on the exterior surface for contact with adjacent vertebral segments or endplates which are shown in FIG. 1. A conventional spine cage is typically inserted in tandem posteriorly through the neuroforamen of the distracted spine after a trial implant creates a pathway.

Such existing devices for interbody stabilization have important and significant limitations. These limitations include an inability to expand and distract the endplates. Current devices for interbody stabilization include static spacers composed of titanium, PEEK, and high performance thermoplastic polymer produced by VICTREX, (Victrex USA Inc, 3A Caledon Court; Greenville, S.C. 29615), carbon fiber, or resorbable polymers. Current interbody spacers do not maintain interbody lordosis and can contribute to the formation of a straight or even kyphotic segment and the clinical problem of “flatback syndrome.” Separation of the endplates increases space available for the neural elements, specifically the neural foramen. Existing static cages do not reliably improve space for the neural elements. Therefore, what is needed is an expanding cage that will increase space for the neural elements posteriorly between the vertebral bodies, or at least maintain the natural bone contours to avoid neuropraxia (nerve stretch) or encroachment.

Poor Interface Between Bone and Biomaterial

Another problem with conventional devices of interbody stabilization includes poor interface between bone and biomaterial. Conventional static interbody spacers form a weak interface between bone and biomaterial. Although the surface of such implants is typically provided with a series of ridges or coated with hydroxyapetite, the ridges may be in parallel with applied horizontal vectors or side-to-side motion. That is, the ridges or coatings offer little resistance to movement applied to either side 104 of the endplates. Thus, nonunion is common in allograft, titanium and polymer spacers, due to motion between the implant and host bone. Conventional devices typically do not expand between adjacent vertebrae.

Therefore, what is needed is a way to expand an implant to develop immediate fixation forces that can exceed the ultimate strength at healing. Such an expandable implant ideally will maximize stability of the interface and enhance stable fixation. The immediate fixation of such an expandable interbody implant advantageously will provide stability that is similar to that achieved at the time of healing. Such an implant would have valuable implications in enhancing early post-operative rehabilitation for the patient.

Conventional Large Size Static Devices Require Wide Exposure of Neural Structures

Another problem of conventional interbody spacers is their large diameter requiring wide exposure. Existing devices used for interbody spacers include structural allograft, threaded cages, cylindrical cages, and boomerang-shaped cages. Conventional devices have significant limitation with regard to safety and efficacy. Regarding safety of the interbody spacers, injury to neural elements may occur with placement from an anterior or posterior approach. A conventional spine cage lacks the ability to expand, diminishing its fixation capabilities.

The risks to neural elements are primarily due to the disparity between the large size of the cage required to adequately support the interbody space, and the small space available for insertion of the device, especially when placed from a posterior or transforaminal approach. Existing boomerang cages are shaped like a partially flattened kidney bean. Their implantation requires a wide exposure and potential compromise of vascular and neural structures, both because of their inability to enter small and become larger, and due to the fact that their insertion requires mechanical manipulation during insertion and expanding of the implant. Once current boomerang implants are prepared for insertion via a trial spacer to make a pathway toward the anterior spinal column, the existing static cage is shoved toward the end point with the hope that it will reach a desired anatomic destination. Given the proximity of nerve roots and vascular structures to the insertion site, and the solid, relatively large size of conventional devices, such constraints predispose a patient to foraminal (nerve passage site) encroachment, and possible neural and vascular injury.

Therefore, what is needed is a minimally invasive expanding spine cage that is capable of insertion with minimal invasion into a smaller aperture. Such a minimally invasive spine cage advantageously could be expanded with completely positional control or adjustment in three dimensions by hydraulic force application through a connected thin, pliable hydraulic line. The thin hydraulic line would take the place of rigid insertional tools, thereby completely preventing trauma to delicate nerve endings and nerve roots about the spinal column. Due to the significant mechanical leverage developed by a hydraulic control system, the same expanding cage could advantageously be inserted by a minimally sized insertion guiding rod tool capable of directing the cage through the transforaminal approach to a predetermined destination, also with reduced risk of trauma to nerve roots. That is, the mechanical advantage is provided by a hydraulic control system controlled by the physician external to the patient.

The minimally sized insertion tool could house multiple hydraulic lines for precise insertion and expansion of the cage, and simply detached from the expanded cage after insertion. It is noted that in such a hydraulic system, a smaller, thinner line advantageously also increases the pounds per inch of adjusting force necessary to achieve proper expansion of the implant (as opposed to a manually powered or manipulated surgical tool) that must apply force directly at the intervention site. That is, for a true minimally invasive approach to spinal implant surgery what is needed is an apparatus and method for providing the significant amount of force necessary to properly expand and adjust the cage against the vertebral endplates, safely away from the intervention site.

What is also needed is a smaller expanding spine cage that is easier to operatively insert into a patient with minimal surgical trauma in contrast to conventional, relatively large devices that create the needless trauma to nerve roots in the confined space of the vertebral region.

Limited Capacity for Interbody Bone Formation

Existing interbody implants have limited space available for bone graft. Adequate bone graft or bone graft substitute is critical for a solid interbody arthrodesis. It would be desirable to provide an expandable interbody cage that will permit a large volume of bone graft material to be placed within the cage and around it, to fill the intervertebral space. Additionally, conventional interbody implants lack the ability to stabilize endplates completely and prevent them from moving. Therefore, what is also needed is an expanding spine cage wherein the vertebral endplates are subject to forces that both distract them apart, and hold them from moving. Such an interbody cage would be capable of stabilization of the motion segment, thereby reducing micro-motion, and discouraging the pseudoarthrosis (incomplete fusion) and pain.

Ideally, what is needed is a spine cage or implant that is capable of increasing its expansion in width anteriorly to open like a clam, spreading to a calculated degree. Furthermore, what is needed is a spine cage that can adjust the amount of not only overall anterior expansion, but also medial and lateral variable expansion so that both the normal lordotic curve is maintained, and adjustments can be made for scoliosis or bone defects. Such a spine cage or implant would permit restoration of normal spinal alignment after surgery and hold the spine segments together rigidly, mechanically, until healing occurs.

What is also needed is an expanding cage or implant that is capable of holding the vertebral or joint sections with increased pullout strength to minimize the chance of implant fixation loss during the period when the implant is becoming incorporated into the arthrodesis bone block.

It would also be desirable if such a cage could expand anteriorly away from the neural structures and along the axis of the anterior spinal column, rather than uniformly which would take up more space inside the vertebral body surfaces.

SUMMARY

In order to overcome the foregoing disadvantages of conventional spinal implants, an aspect of the invention provides a minimally invasive expanding spinal implant also referred to herein as a selectively expanding spine cage (SEC) for posterior insertion between superior and inferior vertebral end plates. The SEC implant defines an interior cavity for receiving osteoconductive material to promote the formation of new bone in the intervertebral space. The implant is also selectively expandable to restore disc height between adjacent vertebrae, to provide corrective spinal alignment in three dimensions, and to effect vertebral body replacement.

The SEC in its first or unexpanded state is approximately 0.4-1 cm in diameter so as to enable minimally invasive insertion posteriorly through the foraminal space or between vertebral pedicles in a working space approximately 1 cm in diameter. The implant is activated hydraulically, at a master cylinder or with a syringe located remotely form the patient to enable controlled spinal correction in three dimensions.

The SEC implant comprises a 6-4 titanium alloy cylinder block defining two or more cylinders and a central cavity for infusion of bone graft material from a remote source. Titanium pistons are provided in the cylinders and are activated independently and hydraulically from the remotely located master cylinder or syringe.

Once inserted between the endplates, the implant advantageously can be expanded with a minimum of force exerted remotely through the hydraulic control lines. The expansion advantageously is greater than the unexpanded height.

A bone engaging plate or optional wedge plate is held in free floating captured engagement on the top of the pistons for imparting a desired anterior/posterior correction angle through vertical expansion of the pistons. Since the vertebral end plates are held together at one end by a ligament much like a clamshell, as the pistons expand vertically against the end plates the amount of vertical expansion of the pistons can be adjusted to create the desired anterior/posterior correction angle.

An optional lordosis or base plate may be provided as a base for the slave cylinder block, resting on the second vertebral end plate. The optional lordosis plate is angled like a wedge to provide a lordosis correction angle in a range of up to 20 degrees. When an extreme anterior/posterior correction angle is desired, the top plate and/or optional base plate may be configured as a wedge to impart an additional anterior/posterior angle of up to 20 degrees.

Left and right lateral correction of the spine is achieved by differential vertical expansion of the two or more cylinders. Each piston is independently controlled by a master cylinder or syringe located ex vivo (away from the patient) and communicating hydraulically with the slave cylinders for moving the pistons and top plate vertically and laterally for correcting spinal deformities anteriorly or posteriorly, medial or lateral, thus providing spinal correction in three dimensions.

The cylinder block and corresponding pistons comprise preferably type 6-4 titanium alloy for extreme strength and compatibility with bone. The cylinder block also defines a central cavity having an inlet for receiving a quantity of bone graft material from a supply line having a connection to a remote source for supplying the bone graft material under pressure to the cavity. The central cavity extends through the cylinder block adjacent both end plates such that as the pistons expand, bone graft material is transfused under appropriate pressure through the cavity to fill a desired space between the end plates.

In accordance with another aspect of the invention, the hydraulic fluid communicating the mechanical leverage from the master cylinder to the slave cylinder advantageously is a time-controlled curable polymer such as methylmethacrylate. The viscosity and curing time can be adjusted by the formulation of an appropriate added catalyst as is well known. When the polymer cures, it hardens and locks the pistons and thus the desired amount of anterior/posterior, medial/lateral, superior/inferior spinal correction immovably in place.

Thus, a key feature of the invention is that an essentially incompressible titanium implant can be inserted posteriorly between vertebral pedicles or through the foraminal space, in only a 1 cm working space. The implant then can be expanded considerably in relation to its original insertion size to provide a closely controlled full range of spinal correction in three dimensions. Confinement of the hydraulic medium by the rigid titanium alloy cylinder block makes the cured polymer substantially impervious to compressive forces, resulting in a much stronger implant than is conventionally possible. Advantageously, the use of the present 6-4 titanium cylinder block configuration is able to withstand compressive forces in excess of 12,000 Newtons or approximately 3000 pounds of compressive force on the vertebrae. This is not possible in a conventional expanding implant wherein an expanding polymer is not confined by an essentially incompressible titanium body. Further, there is no deterioration of the curable polymer over time in term of its structural integrity because it is confined in the titanium alloy body or cylinder block of the implant. Also, given the adjustable nature of the implant against bone modulated by “the surgeon's touch or sense of pressure applied” throughout the trial and later actual piston expansion process, tendency toward bone endplate injury and ultimate subsidence is reduced. The tactile advantage is thus realized as a fluid such as saline from a syringe to the pistons during trial expansion is used. Thereafter, the liquid (methylmethacrylate polymer) for final expansion is used for final precalculated expansion via new syringes using gauges, roentgenograms, clinical appearance and the sense of pressure against the vertebral bodies to create the desired safe and corrective SEC widening effects. In a conventional implant system, no such pressurized adjustments are available.

In another aspect of the invention, multiple slave cylinders and pistons are provided (with or without a top plate) in the SEC implant. The multiple slave pistons provide a three-dimensional corrective surface. Each slave piston in the SEC communicates hydraulically with a corresponding one of a plurality of cylinders in the remotely located master cylinder for independently controlled expansion of the slave cylinders at multiple elevations in three dimensions (X, Y and Z axes).

The surgeon adjusts the master cylinder or syringe to provide a controlled angle to the medial/lateral (X axis) anterior, anterior/posterior (Z axis) and can adjust the SEC superiorly/inferiorly for vertical adjustment (Y axis). Thus, three-dimensional control is achieved remotely through hydraulic lines with minimal trauma to a patient.

The master cylinder or separate source also advantageously provides injectable bone graft material over a line to an input port in the SEC and thence to a cavity provided in the slave cylinder block for filling of the SEC and post-expansion space between adjacent vertebral bodies. This achieves substantially complete perfusion of osteo-inductive and osteo-conductive bone graft material in the post expansion space between the vertebral bodies resulting in enhanced fusion.

A minimally invasive downsized insertion tool both inserts the unexpanded SEC posteriorly and houses the hydraulic lines communicating between the master cylinder and the slave cylinder. The insertion tool also houses a line for communicating the liquid or slurry bone graft material to the slave cylinder and into the intervertebral space. Advantageously, thin hydraulic lines are utilized. Small size tubing for the hydraulic lines advantageously allows high hydraulic pressure without danger of the lines bursting. The sizes of the slave cylinders and pistons can be varied to increase the mechanical advantage.

In accordance with an aspect of the invention, the master cylinder comprises one or more threaded pistons which are screwed down into corresponding cylinders in order to provide the mechanical advantage. In this case, the pitch of the thread controls the rotation pressure and thus mechanical advantage. For example, with ten threads per inch, ten turns of a knob or piston are necessary to move one inch. Twenty threads would require twenty turns per inch, but the rotation force would be 50% less. A finer pitch thread provides 50 percent more upward force to the slave cylinder with the same rotational torque at the master cylinder. Typically, the master cylinder achieves from 200-500 psi. As is well known the slave cylinders can be larger than the master cylinder to increase the pressure (psi) and thus the expansion force in the slave cylinder. Other advantages of the system include the following:

-   -   The master cylinder is a disposable item made of clear acrylic         material.     -   The handle of the insertion tool is disposable and easily can be         disassembled when polymer is hardened.

The master cylinder mechanism is either a lever or a threaded screw device or syringe. Such threaded master cylinder pistons or their equivalent are rotated to raise the slave pistons with a mechanical advantage provided by the screw pitch of the threads as explained above.

Hydraulic lines access slave pistons through an insertion tool with direct connection between a master and slave cylinder without check valves.

The hydraulic control system provides a minimally invasive procedure by enabling the surgeon to apply a controlling force away from the patient's body to expand and adjust the spinal implant in three dimensions. (Infinitely adjustable height and lateral angles, not limited to incremental positions).

The wedge plate provides anterior/posterior spinal correction from 0-20 degrees right or left. The optional base or lordosis plate is also angled approximately 0-20 degrees (anterior/posterior) to correct lordosis angle anterior to posterior.

The slave cylinder has an air bleed valve that serves to allow filling of cylinder ex vivo (outside the body).

Due to the mechanical advantage provided by the hydraulic system, the SEC has minimized size and diameter in its unexpanded state that is smaller than the diameter of a prepared neuroforamen. The SEC thus can be inserted posteriorly and is engaged between the endplates of the adjacent vertebra to effectively distract the intervertebral area, restore space for neural elements, stabilize the motion segment and eliminate pathologic segmental motion. The SEC enhances spine arthrodesis by creating a rigid spine segment.

The SEC provides a significant advantage by enabling a comparatively large quantity of bone growth conductive or inductive agents to be contained within its interior and communicating directly to adjacent bone. Importantly, this results in fixation forces greater than adjacent bone and soft tissue failure forces.

It will be appreciated that the corrective surface formed by the wedge plate maintains a constant angle as it expands. Generally, one SEC is used for fusion through the posterior approach—though the surgeon can choose any insertional vector. The cage can be used as a cage or spacer, to promote fusion, and/or to correct deformities such as scoliosis, kyphosis, and spondylolisthesis.

The clinical goals of the SEC and the method for its insertion provide a minimally invasive risk of trauma to nerve roots, reduce pain, improve function, and permit early mobilization of the patient after fusion surgery. Once healing (fusion or arthrodesis) does occur, the implants become incorporated inside bone and their role becomes quiescent.

The present SEC provides more internal and external graft bone space exposure, easier and safer directed insertion, less risk of insertional damage to nerve roots and other tissue, and thus a substantially improved immediate and long term result.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The drawings are heuristic for clarity. The foregoing and other features, aspects and advantages of the invention will become better understood with reference to the following descriptions, appended claims and accompanying drawings in which:

FIG. 1 is a representation of the vertebral column showing posterior insertion and placement of the SEC between the number 4 and 5 lumbar vertebrae according to an aspect of the invention. Whereas this diagram shows the implant anteriorly in the vertebral interspace between lumbar bones 4 and 5, the majority of lumbar fusions are performed between L5 and S1, into which implants are secured. The SEC can be used at any spinal level the surgeon deems in need of fusion.

FIG. 2 is a side view of a vertebral body showing the placement of the SEC according to an aspect of the invention.

FIG. 3 is a top view of a vertebral body showing placement of the SEC according to an aspect of the invention.

FIG. 4A is a front perspective view of the SEC in an unexpanded state according to an aspect of the invention.

FIG. 4B is a rear perspective view of the SEC of FIG. 4A according to an aspect of the invention.

FIG. 4C is a rear perspective view of the SEC of FIG. 4A showing details of the hydraulic and bone graft input ports according to an aspect of the invention.

FIG. 4D is a perspective view of the SEC of FIG. 4A with the wedge plate removed for clarity.

FIG. 4E is a perspective view of FIG. 4A showing the cylinders and bone graft perfusing cavity defined by the SEC body according to an aspect of the invention.

FIG. 4F shows another view of the wedge plate according to an aspect of the invention.

FIG. 4G shows details of the wedge plate and lordosis plate according to an aspect of the invention.

FIG. 5A is a front perspective view of the SEC in an expanded state according to an aspect of the invention.

FIG. 5B is a top perspective view of the SEC showing the cavity for bone graft perfusion and recesses allowing lateral movement of the wedge according to an aspect of the invention.

FIG. 5C is a rear perspective view of the SEC in an expanded state according to an aspect of the invention.

FIG. 5D is a perspective view of FIG. 5C with the SEC body removed for clarity.

FIG. 6 is a perspective view of an alternate embodiment of the SEC according to an aspect of the invention.

FIG. 7A is a perspective view of a master cylinder for hydraulic control of the SEC according to an aspect of the invention. A variety of alternative embodiments are available, most simply disposable syringes used for piston expansion.

FIG. 7B is a view of the interior of FIG. 7A.

FIG. 8 is a perspective view of an alternate embodiment of the master cylinder according to an aspect of the invention.

FIG. 9A is a perspective view of the insertion tool holding the SEC, hydraulic lines and bone graft supply line according to an aspect of the invention.

FIG. 9B is a close up view of the insertion tool of FIG. 9A.

FIG. 10A shows one embodiment of a hydraulic line for independent control of multiple slave cylinders according to an aspect of the invention.

FIG. 10B shows a close up of the fitting for the hydraulic line of FIG. 10A according to an aspect of the invention.

FIG. 11 is a lateral view of an implant for vertebral body replacement according to the invention.

FIG. 12 is an oblique view of an implant for vertebral body replacement according to the invention.

FIG. 13 is a side view of a telescoping device for use as an implant for vertebral body replacement according to the invention.

FIG. 14 is a perspective view of a telescoping device for use as an implant for vertebral body replacement according to the invention.

FIG. 15 is a posterior view of a vertebral column showing an implant for vertebral body replacement in place according to the invention.

FIG. 16 is a perspective view of an implant for vertebral body replacement showing an insertion tool and hydraulic line according to the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Referring to FIG. 1, vertebral segments or end plates are shown with an average 8 mm gap representing an average intervertebral space. A complete discectomy is performed prior to the insertion of the SEC 100. The intervertebral disc occupying space 102 is removed using standard techniques including rongeur, curettage, and endplate preparation to bleeding subcondral bone. The posterior longitudinal ligament is divided to permit expansion of the intervertebral space.

The intervertebral space 102 is distracted to about 10 mm using a rotating spatula (Not shown. This is a well-known device that looks like a wide screw driver that can be placed into the disc space horizontally and turned 90 degrees to separate the endplates).

The SEC is inserted posteriorly (in the direction of arrow 102 between the no. 4 and 5 lumbar vertebrae as shown in FIG. 1 (lateral view) or into any selected inververbral space. In accordance with an aspect of the invention, the SEC is reduced to small size in its unexpanded state to enable it to be inserted posteriorly or transforaminally through space 102 as shown in Figure. The dimensions of the SEC are: 12 mm wide, 10 mm high and 28 mm long to facilitate posterior insertion and thereby minimize trauma to the patient and risk of injury to nerve roots. Alternative sizes would be available. Once in place the SEC can expand considerable in relation to its unexpanded size, enabling 20 degrees or more of spinal lordosis. FIGS. 2 and 3 are a side view and top view, respectively showing the placement of the SEC 100 on a vertebral body.

FIG. 4A shows SEC 100 from the front or anterior position with respect to the vertebral column. The SEC is shown in a closed or unexpanded position.

Referring to FIGS. 4A through 4E, SEC 100 comprises a body or block 106 that defines one or more slave cylinders 108 a, 108 b for corresponding pistons 110 a, 110 b. Pistons are provided with O rings 112 a, 112 b for a tight seal with the cylinder. Block 106 also defines a central cavity 114 for infusion of bone graft material into the intervertebral space when the SEC is fully expanded or during the expansion process, as will be explained.

As shown in FIG. 4C, block 106 further defines a central or main input port 116 for attachment of hydraulic lines and a line for transmission of a slurry or liquid bone graft material as will be explained. The block 106 defines a bone graft infusion conduit that extends from a bone graft input port 119 located in main input port 116 to a bone graft exit port 120 located in central cavity 114 for infusion of bone graft material therein.

Block 106 further defines local hydraulic fluid input ports 122 a, 122 b (FIG. 4C) that lead to corresponding slave cylinders 108 a, 108 b for driving the pistons and expanding the SEC by remote control from a master cylinder located ex vivo and with greatly increased force as compared to conventional devices.

It will be appreciated that each slave piston 110 a, 110 b is independently controlled by a separate hydraulic line 122 a, 122 b connected to a master cylinder (as will be explained with reference to FIGS. 7 a through 8) located away from the patient and the site of implantation, thus minimizing active intervention by surgical tools in the immediate vicinity of nerve roots. Although two slave cylinders are shown by way of example, it will be appreciated that the invention is not so limited, but on the contrary, SEC block 106 easily is modifiable to define a multiplicity of slave cylinders, each controlled independently by a separate hydraulic line, for expanding differentially to provide a substantially infinite variety of space sensitive adjustments for unique applications.

Referring again to FIGS. 4A through 4G, an anterior/posterior corrective plate or wedge plate 124 is movably held in captured engagement on top of pistons 110 a, 110 b by corresponding hold down screws 126 a, and 126 b. Plate 124 enables spinal correction in the anterior/posterior direction as the cylinders expand vertically. Plate 124 has a bone-engaging top surface provided with two elongated slots 128 a, 128 b in which the hold down screws sit. The elongated slots 128 a, 128 b enable ease of expansion and facilitate angles between the pistons by allowing the plate 124 to move laterally slightly as pistons differentially expand. The plate also defines cavity 114 for the infusion of bone graft material, that is co-extensive with and the same as cavity 114 defined by the SEC block. This enables perfusion of the bone graft material directly through the bone engaging surface of the wedge plate into the adjacent vertebral body.

Referring to FIGS. 4F and 4G, the anterior/posterior corrective plate 124 is provided with a downwardly extending edge 130 for engagement with the pistons as they differentially expand, to ensure that wedge plate stays firmly in place. Plate 124 provides anterior/posterior correction in that it can be angled front to back like a wedge with a correction angle a of 0-5 degrees or more. Plate 124 also defines bone graft cavity 114 for enabling bone growth conductive or inductive agents to communicate directly with the engaged vertebral endplate.

The SEC is optionally provided with a lordosis base plate 132 that includes a bone engaging surface defining a cavity co-extensive with bone graft cavity 114 for enabling perfusion of bone graft material into the adjacent engaged vertebral body. Lordosis base plate also has an anterior/posterior angle b (refer to FIG. 6) of up to 20 degrees for correcting lordosis.

Referring to FIG. 4G, top plate 124 and optional lordosis base plate 132 function as two endplates providing a corrective surface that impacts vertebral bodies for spinal correction. Lordosis base plate 132 includes a bone-engaging surface defining a cavity co-extensive with bone graft cavity 114 for enabling perfusion of bone graft material into the adjacent opposed vertebral body. Lordosis base plate also has anterior/posterior angle b of up to 20 degrees for correcting lordosis. Thus, the wedge plate and lordosis base plate can provide lordotic correction of 20 degrees or more.

Surgeon control over sagittal alignment is provided by differential wedge shaping of the endplates and by calculated degrees of variable piston expansion. This implant permits unprecedented flexibility in controlling spinal alignment in the coronal and sagittal planes.

Since vertebral end plates are held together at one end by a ligament much like a clamshell, expansion of the pistons vertically against the end plates can be adjusted to create the desired anterior/posterior correction angle. Thus, the top plate 124 does not need to be configured as a wedge. Where an extreme anterior/posterior correction angle is desired, the top plate and/or base plate may be angled as a wedge with the corresponding correction angles set forth above.

FIGS. 5A through 5D show the SEC in its expanded state. Hydraulic fluid flows from a master cylinder (FIG. 7A) into the cylinders through separate hydraulic input lines that attach to hydraulic input ports 122 a, 122 b. Each hydraulic line is regulated independently thereby allowing a different quantity of material to fill each cylinder and piston cavity pushing the pistons and medial/lateral wedge plate upward to a desired height for effecting spinal correction.

In accordance with an aspect of the invention, the hydraulic fluid communicating the mechanical leverage from the master cylinder to the slave cylinder or syringe and pistons advantageously is a time-controlled curable polymer such as methylmethacrylate. The viscosity and curing time can be adjusted by the formulation of an appropriate added catalyst as is well known. Such catalysts are available from LOCTITE Corp., 1001 Trout Brook Crossing, Rocky Hill, Conn. 06067. When the polymer cures, it hardens and locks the pistons and thus the desired amount of spinal correction determined by the physician immovably in place.

It will be appreciated that the cylinder block 106 and pistons 110 a, 110 b, comprise a biocompatible, substantially incompressible material such as titanium, and preferably type 6-4 titanium alloy. Cylinder block 106 and pistons 110 a, 110 b completely confine the curable polymer that is acting as the hydraulic fluid for elevating the pistons. When the desired spinal correction is achieved by the expanded pistons, the curable polymer solidifies, locking the proper spinal alignment substantially invariantly in place. The confinement of the polymer by the titanium pistons and cylinder block provides the advantage of making the polymer and the desired amount of spinal alignment substantially impervious to shear and compressive forces.

For example, even if it were possible to compress the polymer it could only be compressed to the structural limit of the confining cylinder block. That is, by placing the curable polymer into the 6-4 titanium cylinder block wherein two or more cylinders are expanded, the polymer becomes essentially non-compressible especially in a lateral direction. It will be appreciated that 6-4 titanium cylinder block confining the hydraulic material provides extreme stability and resistance to lateral forces as compared to a conventional expanding implant. Further, there is no deterioration of the curable polymer over time in term of its structural integrity because it is confined in the titanium alloy body.

The use of the present 6-4 titanium cylinder block configuration can withstand compressive forces in excess of 12,000 Newtons or approx 3000 pounds of compressive force on the vertebrae. This is not possible in a conventional expanding structure wherein the expanding polymer is not confined by an essentially incompressible titanium body.

In accordance with another aspect of the invention, injectable bone graft material 134 is provided along a separate bone graft input line to bone graft input port 119 for infusion into cavity 114 through bone graft exit port 120.

The bone graft input line is controlled at the master cylinder or from a separate source to enable a pressure induced infusion of bone graft material 134 through cavity 114 of the bone engaging surfaces of the SEC into adjacent vertebral bone. Thus, the bone graft material fills, under pressure, the post-expansion space between adjacent vertebral bodies. This achieves substantially complete perfusion of osteo-inductive and/or osteo-conductive bone graft material in the post expansion space between the vertebral bodies resulting in enhanced fusion (refer to FIGS. 5C, 5D).

Minimally Invasive, Hydraulically Controlled Manipulation in Three Dimensions

Referring to FIG. 6, an alternate embodiment of the SEC comprises multiple slave cylinders and corresponding pistons 110 a, 110 b, 110 n are provided in SEC body 106. Each of the multiple slave cylinders and pistons 110 a, 110 b, 110 n is provided with a separate, associated hydraulic line 122 a, 122 b, 122 n that communicates independently with a corresponding one of a plurality of cylinders in the master cylinder for independently controlled expansion of the slave cylinders at multiple elevations in three dimensions (X, Y and Z axes).

At the master cylinder, multiple threaded cylinders (or disposable syringes) and pistons are provided, each communicating independently through a separate hydraulic line 122 a, 122 b, 122 n with a corresponding one of the slave cylinders and pistons 110 a, 110 b, 110 n in the SEC LEC.

The bone engaging surfaces of the multiple pistons 110 a, 110 b, 110 n provide the corrective surface of the SEC. Thus, by appropriate adjustment of the pistons in the master cylinder, or depending on fluid installed via separate syringes, the surgeon can independently control expansion of the slave pistons in the SEC to achieve multiple elevations in three dimensions for specialized corrective applications. A top or wedge plate is not necessary.

The bone engaging surface 111 of the slave pistons 110 a, 110 b, 110 n in the SEC may be provided with a specialized coating for bone ingrowth such as hydroxyapetite. Alternatively, the bone-engaging surface 111 of the SEC pistons may be corrugated, or otherwise provided with a series of bone engaging projections or cavities to enhance fusion.

As previously explained, the hydraulic fluid communicating the mechanical leverage from the master cylinder to the SEC slave cylinders and pistons 110 a, 110 b, 110 n is a time-controlled curable polymer such as methylmethacrylate that locks the SEC immovably in place after curing, at the desired three dimensional expansion.

As set forth above, injectable bone graft material is provided along a separate bone graft input line to bone graft input port 119 for infusion into cavity 114 through into the inter body space between the SEC and adjacent bone.

The surgeon by adjustment of the master cylinder is able to provide remotely a controlled angle of the SEC corrective surface to the medial/lateral (X axis) and in the anterior, posterior direction (Z axis). The surgeon also can adjust the SEC in the vertical plane moving superiorly/inferiorly (Y axis) from the master cylinder or power/flow source to control implant height. Thus, three-dimensional control is achieved remotely through a hydraulic line with minimal trauma to a patient. This aspect of the invention advantageously obviates the need to manually manipulate the SEC implant at the site of intervention to achieve desired angles of expansion. Such conventional manual manipulation with surgical tools into the intervention site can require further distracting of nerve roots and cause potential serious trauma to a patient.

Referring to FIGS. 7A and 7B, in accordance with an aspect of the invention, a master cylinder 140 located remotely from the patient, provides controlled manipulation and adjustment of the SEC in three dimensions through independent hydraulic control of slave cylinders 110 a, 110 b in the SEC. Master cylinder 140 comprises a cylinder block 142, defining two or more threaded cylinders 143. Corresponding screw down threaded pistons are rotated downward into the threaded cylinders thereby applying force to a hydraulic fluid in corresponding hydraulic control lines that communicate independently with and activate corresponding slave cylinders 110 a, 110 b in the SEC with mechanical leverage. The rotational force for applying the mechanical leverage at the slave cylinders is controlled by thread pitch of the threaded pistons in the master cylinder, or in an alternate embodiment controlled by use of syringes, one acting as a master cylinders for each piston or slave cylinder to modulate piston elevation.

In FIG. 7B threaded pistons 144 a, 144 b are provided in hydraulic cylinders communicating through hydraulic lines 14 b a, 148 b that are coupled to hydraulic input ports 116 a, 116 b for independent hydraulic control of slave cylinders 110 a, 110 b as previously explained.

Another threaded cylinder and piston assembly 150 is supplied with a quantity of bone graft material in slurry or liquid form and operates in the same way to provide the bone graft material under pressure to the SEC bone graft input port 119 through bone graft supply line 152. Thus, bone graft material is forced under pressure from the master cylinder through cavity 114 and into the intervertebral space.

Alternate Master Cylinder System

Referring to FIG. 8, an alternate embodiment of a master cylinder is provided for individual hydraulic control of each slave piston in the SEC implant. A master cylinder 154 is provided with two or more cylinders 156 a, 156 b, and associated pistons 157 a, 157 b. A lever 158 controlled by the surgeon is attached to each piston. Hydraulic fluid feeds through lines 148 a 148 b into the inserted SEC implant. The lever creates a ratio of 1 pound to 10 pounds of pressure inside the slave cylinders in the SEC and thus against vertebral endplates. Mechanically this provides a 10:1 advantage in lift force for the surgeon. The surgeon's required force application is multiplied via the lever and hydraulic system to create a controlled expansion of the SEC against the endplates as previously described to create any desired spine vertebral correctional effect in three dimensions.

If the surgeon uses one pound of force on the lever, the piston exerts 10 pounds of force. The piston in the master cylinder displaces the hydraulic fluid through hydraulic lines 148 a, 148 b. The hydraulic lines are flexible conduit no more than 3 mm in diameter. Thin hydraulic lines are desirable to increase mechanical advantage at the slave cylinders in the SEC. If one pound of pressure is exerted on the handle, the corresponding piston in the SEC would have 10 pounds of lifting force. If each slave piston inside the SEC implant has 200 pounds of lifting force, the required amount of pressure applied by the surgeon to the master piston cylinder is 20 pounds, or one tenth the amount, consistent with the predetermined mechanical advantage.

In usual cases, where the surgeon has a patient in a partially distracted anatomic, anesthetized and relaxed position under anesthesia, 30 pounds of force may be required for implant expansion upon the vertebral bone endplates. The surgeon in that case would need to apply only 3 pounds of pressure to lever 158. Different ratios may be introduced to optimize distraction force while minimizing injection pressures.

The pressure application process is guided by normal surgical principles, by visual checkpoints, and by a safety gauge that illustrates the amount of expansion that has been exerted in direct correlation with the implant expansion process. The gauge indicates the height of the slave pistons and thus the vertical and angular expansion of the SEC. This translates to an ability to clarify the percentage of lateral expansion. That is, if the surgeon chooses to create an angle, he expands the right slave cylinder, for example, 14 mm and left slave cylinder 12 mm.

The master cylinder 154 preferably comprises transparent plastic to enable visual indication of the height of the hydraulic fluid therein, or a translucent plastic syringe to facilitate exact measured infusion of the slave cylinder implant expanding pistons. A knob 159 for setting gauge height is provided in each cylinder. An indicator attached to the knob registers the cylinder height with respect to a fill line, bleed line or maximum height line. The master cylinder and slave cylinders are filled with hydraulic fluid. Air is removed by bleeding the cylinders in a Well-known manner. The knob indicator is registered to the bleed line. A series of incremental marks are provided between the bleed line and the maximum height line to show the surgeon the exact height of the slave cylinder in response to the surgeon's control inputs to the master cylinder.

It will be appreciated that the master and slave hydraulic system interaction can have many equivalent variations. For example, the master cylinder function of master cylinder 154 also can be provided by one or more syringes. Each syringe acts as a master cylinder and is coupled independently with a corresponding slave cylinder through a thin hydraulic line for independent activation as previously described. A single syringe acting as a master cylinder also may be selectively coupled with one or more slave cylinders for independent activation of the slave cylinders. As is well known, series of gradations are provided along the length of the syringe that are calibrated to enable the surgeon to effect a precise elevation of a selected piston at the corresponding slave cylinder in the implant.

As previously explained, the SEC implant also expands vertically the intervertebral space from 10 mm to 16 mm or more. Additionally, by changing the diameter of the piston inside the master cylinder, the force exerted into the slave cylinder could be multiplied many fold so as to create major force differentials. The foregoing features provide the surgeon with an ability to establish a spinal correction system that is a function of the needed change to correct a deformity, so as to produce normal alignment.

Referring to FIG. 9A, it will be appreciated that hydraulic control lines 148 and bone graft supply line 152 are characterized by a minimal size and are provided in the interior of a very narrow insertion tool 180 (FIGS. 9A and 9B). The insertion tool 180 is small enough to insert the SEC 100 posteriorly into the narrow insertion opening without risk of serious trauma to the patient. An enlarged view of the insertion tool 180 (simplified for clarity) is shown in FIG. 9B. The insertion tool 180 includes a handle 182 and hollow interior for housing hydraulic control lines and a bone graft supply line (not shown for clarity). The hydraulic control lines and bone graft supply line connect through a proximal end of the insertion tool to the master cylinder. A distal or insertion end of the tool holds the SEC 100. In a preferred mode, the insertion end of the insertion tool conformably fits in the SEC hydraulic input port 116. Hydraulic control lines and the bone graft supply line are connected to the hydraulic input ports 122 a, 122 b and bone graft supply input port respectively, prior to surgery.

The bone graft supply and hydraulic control lines are safely retracted after the SEC is positioned. The hydraulic lines can be released by cutting after the operation since the hydraulic fluid hardens in place.

When the SEC is locked in position by the surgeon, the insertion tool and hydraulic tubes are removed and the curable polymer remains in the SEC slave cylinders.

In accordance with an aspect of the invention, the hydraulic fluid controlling the movement of the SEC is a time-controlled curable polymer that hardens after a pre-determined time period, locking the SEC insert immovably in a desired expanded position. The hydraulic fluid is preferably methylmethacrylate or other similar inexpensive polymer, with a time controlled curing rate. Time-controlled curable polymers typically comprise a catalyst and a polymer. The catalyst can be formulated in a well-known manner to determine the time at which the polymer solidifies. Such time-controlled curable polymers are commercially available from several manufacturers such as LOCTITE Corp., Henkel-Loctite, 1001 Trout Brook Crossing Rocky Hill, Conn. 06067.

Light Curable Polymer

As is well understood by one skilled in the art, any equivalent curable polymer that has a first flowable state for conveying hydraulic force, and that transitions to a second solid state upon curing may be employed. In the first state, the curable polymer transfers the application of force hydraulically from the master cylinder to the slave cylinders, such that corrective action is achieved by elevating the slave pistons. The curable polymer transitions to a second solid state upon curing such that the corrective elevation of the slave pistons is locked in place. Such an equivalent curable polymer is a polymer that is cured through the application of either visible or ultraviolet light or other radiation source which activates the polymer to transition to a solid state. Another methylmethacrylate liquid polymer when combined with powder becomes a viscous fluid as soon as the powder and liquid are blended; it is initially thin and free flowing. Gradually, in minutes, it begins to thicken, transforming state through paste and puddy to cement-like solid once inside the pistons, thus fixing the SEC at a precise correction amount in its expanded position.

An example of such a light curable polymer is UV10LC-12 made by MASTER BOND Inc., of Hackensack, N.J. Such polymers are characterized by a fast cure time cure upon exposure to a visible or a UV light source. Depending upon the intensity of the light source, cure times range from a few seconds to less than a minute. As is well understood by one skilled in the art, an extremely thin fiber optic line may be incorporated as an additional line along with the multiple hydraulic lines shown in Figure for conveying light from a light source directly to the polymer in the slave cylinders to effect curing.

Alternatively, a curable polymer may be activated by a radiation source such as low level electron beam radiation to cure or initiate curing. An electron beam advantageously can penetrate through material that is opaque to UV light and can be applied directly to lock the pistons in their elevated or corrective position.

It will be appreciated that the amount of applied stress required to cause failure of the corrective implant is substantial due to the confinement of the cured polymer completely within the body of the implant, that is, the cylinder block that is comprised of 6-4 titanium. This is particularly advantageous since the confinement within the titanium body enables the corrective position of the implant to withstand compressive forces up to the structural failure limit of the titanium body; that is, to withstand compressive forces in a range of from 8000 up to 12,000 Newtons.

Hydraulic Control Lines

Referring to FIGS. 10A and 10B, a hydraulic line 200 is provided for remote hydraulic control of a plurality of slave cylinders of the SEC from a master cylinder. Hydraulic line 200 comprises a plurality of individual hydraulic lines 202 disposed about a central axis. Each hydraulic line 202 provides independent activation of a separate slave cylinder from a master cylinder as previously explained. A bone graft supply line 204 is provided along the central axis of line 200. Individual hydraulic lines 202 can be aligned and connected with corresponding slave cylinder input ports prior to insertion of the SEC for providing independent hydraulic control to each of the slave cylinders.

A threaded end 206 can be inserted into a similarly threaded central input port 116 of the SEC to prevent pull out.

In summary, remote hydraulic control of a spinal implant is particularly advantageous in a posterior insertion procedure because there is no anatomic room for mechanical linkage or tooling in the proximity of the adjacent spinal cord and neurovascular complex. The hydraulic control provided by the present invention provides significant mechanical leverage and thus increased force to an extent that has not previously been possible. Further, such hydraulic force is selective in both direction and magnitude of its application.

It is now possible to expand fenestrated endplates to support the anterior spinal column. This will create immediate and reliable firm fixation that will lead to immediate stabilization of the functional spinal motion segment, and immediate correction of complex interbody deformities in the sagittal and coronal plane.

The SEC provides advantages over currently existing technology that include correction of coronal plane deformity; introduction of interbody lordosis and early stabilization of the interbody space with rigidity that is greater than present spacer devices. This early stability may improve post-operative pain, preclude the need for posterior implants including pedicle screws, and improve the rate of successful arthrodesis. Importantly, the SEC provides improvement of space available for the neural elements while improving lordosis. Traditional implants are limited to spacer effects, as passive fillers of the intervertebral disc locations awaiting eventual fusion if and when bone graft in and around the implant fuses. By expanding and ‘morphing’ into the calculated shape which physiologically corrects spine angulation, the SEC immediately fixes the spine in its proper, painless, functional position. As infused osteoinductive/osteoconductive bone graft materials heal, the patient becomes well and the implant becomes inert and quiescent, embedded in bone, and no longer needed.

While the invention has been described in connection with what are presently considered to be the most practical and preferred embodiments, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to the disclosed embodiments and alternatives as set forth above, but on the contrary is intended to cover various modifications and equivalent arrangements included within the scope of the following claims.

For example, equivalent expansion surfaces can be provided for stabilizing the expanding SEC against the bone. Other compositions of additives may be used for the hydraulic fluid that achieves remote controlled expansion of the SEC in three dimensions. Similarly, various types of biogenic fluid material for enhancing bone growth may be injected through one or more lines to the SEC and different exit apertures may be provided to apply bone graft material to fill the intervertebral space, without departing from the scope of the invention.

Further, the invention can comprise a spinal implant that incorporates load or pressure sensors that register differential pressure and pressure intensity exerted on the back's engaging surface of the implant by the patient's vertebrae end plates to generate corrective signals, for example by computer control, that are used, e.g. by the surgeon or by a computer controlled mechanism to realign the patient's spine. The invention may further include a system that makes these adjustments, responsive to sensor signals, in real time and on a continual basis, such that the shapes of the implant changes to realign the patient's spine or mechanism. Preferably, such system is contemplated for use in setting the positions of the pistons during installation of the implant.

The invention also comprises the use of any of a solid or tubular coiled spring and a compressible fluid, e.g. a gas, such as air, in the cylinders to provide some movement of the implant plates to accommodate the patient's spinal movement. This embodiment provides a form of a shock absorber.

The implant itself can be made of, for example, such materials as titanium, 64 titanium, or an alloy thereof, 316 or 321 stainless steel, biodegradeable and biologically active materials, e.g. stem cells, and polymers, such as semi-crystalline, high purity polymers comprised of repeating monomers of two ether groups and a keytone group, e.g. polyaryetheretherketone (PEEK)™, or teflon.

Finally, the implant may provide two or more pistons that are operated concurrently to provide coordinated medial/lateral adjustment of a patient's spine for scoliosis, with anterior/posterior adjustment of the patient's spine to create natural lordosis, with relative anterior expansion greater than posterior expansion.

The preferred embodiment of the invention provides an implant for vertebral body replacement. Thus, instead of covering a 10-20 millimeter disk space, as described above, the implant of this embodiment of the invention can expand to about 70 millimeters, expand two disk spaces and a vertical space for those cases where a vertebrate is removed. The vertebral body replacement is an implant from a replacement from one or more vertebral bodies and their adjacent disks. A vertebral body replacement is employed in the case of spinal deformities. The destruction from such deformities can be the in the form of a trauma type injury, such as a fracture or burst injury too the vertebral body, or a non-traumatic deformity caused by a tumor or a degeneration of the bone in the vertebral body.

The treatment is often accomplished by removing the vertebral body, as well as the adjacent disks. The remaining space must be distracted to manipulate the spine to its correct orientation. This embodiment of the invention provides a selectively expandable hydraulic implant that is insertable to fill the space left behind. The implant can be manipulated in the interior and posterior positions, as well as the medial and lateral positions, to achieve a correct spine angle and to assure lordosis and to correct for scoliosis.

This invention thus provides an apparatus for reconstruction of the anterior column of the spine. The device may be placed by either an anterior or posterior approach. The device is specifically designed to replace one or more vertebral body bodies or segments of vertebral bodies that are removed for pathologies, as discussed above, that may include degeneration, neoplasm, traumatic, or infectious etiology. The implant has an expansion range of 0.1 to 100 millimeters from an unexpanded state to an expanded state, for an anterior or posterior or a lateral insertion to the spinal column or adjacent proximity.

FIG. 11 shows a lateral view of an implant 1110 in place between two vertebrate 1111, 1112.

FIG. 12 is an oblique view of an implant 1110 positioned between two vertebrate 1111, 1112.

FIG. 13 is a side view of a telescoping device 1110, has shown in place in FIGS. 11 and 12. The device operates in a similar principal to that described above in connection with a distraction device for replacement of the spinal disk.

FIG. 14 is a perspective view of the telescoping device 1110.

FIG. 15 is a posterior view of a vertebral column comprising vertebrate 1111 and 1112 and implant 1110 placed there between.

FIG. 16 is a perspective view of an implant 1110, as discussed above in connection with FIGS. 11-15. In FIG. 16, an installation tool having a hydraulic line 1120 are shown in place as well. An installation tool is used only during installation of the device. The device is installed and adjusted in accordance with the technique discussed above in connection with the implant before a disc replacement. The presently preferred embodiment invention comprises two cylinders having pistons that are, in this embodiment, comprised of three progressive stages, which gives a total expanded height of seventy millimeters and a closed height of twenty-five millimeters. In FIG. 16, a first stage 1121 comprises approximately fifteen millimeters, a second stage 1122 comprises approximately fifteen millimeters and a third stage 1123 comprises approximately fifteen millimeters. A base quotient 1124 comprises a height of approximately twenty millimeters and an upper portion 1125 comprises a height of approximately five millimeters. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that each of that each of these heights may be varied in accordance with the application in which the invention is put. Further, while a three stage progressive piston is shown in a two-cylinder arrangement, a single cylinder may be used. Further, more or less than three stages may be used. The present device has a width of fifty-five millimeters and a depth of approximately forty-five millimeters. The upper member 1125 is shown having a curved configuration. A surface texture on the base 1124 and upper member 1125 is provided to assure good purchase with the ends of the vertebrate in which the device is needed. An adjustment of the pistons provides appropriate orientation of the device as the device is expanded.

Therefore, persons of ordinary skill in this field are to understand that all such equivalent processes, arrangements and modifications are to be included within the scope of the following claims. 

1. An apparatus for providing vertebral body replacement comprising: a selectively expanding spinal implant for anterior or posterior insertion through the foraminal space between opposed superior and inferior vertebral end plates of a patient, said spinal implant comprising: a cylinder block comprising a base resting on a first end plate and two or more slave cylinders and corresponding pistons having a corrective bone engaging surface for expanding against a second end plate.
 2. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising: a master cylinder located away from the patient and communicating hydraulically and independently with each slave cylinder for independently operating a corresponding slave piston to impart a desired anterior/posterior spinal correction and for operating the pistons differentially for imparting desired lateral, right/left spinal correction.
 3. The apparatus of claim 1 said cylinder block and pistons comprising: a substantially incompressible, biocompatible material.
 4. The apparatus of claim 3, said material comprising 6-4 titanium.
 5. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising: a curable polymer having a fluid state for providing hydraulic communication of mechanical force from said master cylinder to said slave cylinders to elevate said pistons to a position that provides desired spinal correction; wherein said polymer cures to a solid state to lock said pistons at said desired correction.
 6. The apparatus of claim 5, said cylinder block and pistons defining a space to confine said cured polymer, wherein said position of the expanded pistons can withstand compressive forces up to a structural failure limit of the cylinder block.
 7. The apparatus of claim 6 wherein said implant can withstand compressive forces in a range from 8000-12,000 Newtons, or 3000 lbs.
 8. The apparatus of claim 1, said implant having a diameter substantially in a range of 0.4-1 cm in an unexpanded state to facilitate posterior insertion through a foraminal space.
 9. The apparatus of claim 5, said curable polymer comprising methyl methacrylate.
 10. The apparatus of claim 1, said cylinder block defining a bone graft infusion aperture that is coupled through a conduit with a source of bone graft material for infusion of said bone graft material into an intervertebral space.
 11. The apparatus of claim 1, said implant having a height substantially in the range of 0.1 mm in an unexpanded state to 100 mm in an expanded state
 12. A selectively expandable spinal implant for anterior or posterior insertion between opposed superior and inferior vertebral end plates of a patient for reconstruction of an anterior column of the patient's spine, comprising: a slave cylinder block defining at least first and second cylinders, said cylinders receiving corresponding pistons, each piston comprising a surface for expanding against an adjacent end plate to impart a desired spinal correction; and a bone engaging plate moveably attached to the surface of the pistons to provide an anterior/posterior corrective angle depending on relative expansion of the pistons.
 13. The spinal implant of claim 12, further comprising: a master cylinder located away from the patient, and connected to the slave cylinders through control lines containing a hydraulic fluid said matter cylinder providing independent, selective hydraulic actuation of the slave pistons; wherein independent operation of the slave pistons imparts a desired anterior/posterior spinal correction and wherein differential operation of the pistons with respect to one another imparts a desired lateral spinal correction.
 14. The spinal implant of claim 13, said hydraulic fluid comprising a polymer that cures to a solid state to lock the slave pistons immovably in place at a desired amount of spinal correction.
 15. The spinal implant of claim 14, said hydraulic fluid comprising methyl methacrylate.
 16. The spinal implant of claim 14, said slave cylinder block and pistons further comprising a biocompatible, substantially incompressible material for confining the curable polymer, wherein a desired amount of spinal correction imparted by the expanded pistons is capable of withstanding compressive forces up to a structural failure limit of the cylinder block.
 17. The spinal implant of claim 16, wherein the slave cylinder block and pistons comprise titanium or an alloy thereof.
 18. The spinal implant of claim 16, wherein the slave cylinder block and pistons comprise stainless steel.
 19. The spinal implant of claim 16, wherein the slave cylinder block and pistons comprise any of biodegradable and biologically active materials and polyarylethertherektone (PEEK)™.
 20. The spinal implant of claim 12, said pistons concurrently operable to provide medial/lateral adjustment of said patient's spine for vertebral body replacement.
 21. The spinal implant of claim 16, wherein the desired amount of spinal correction imparted by the pistons is capable of withstanding compressive forces substantially in a range from 8000 up to 12,000 Newtons or approximately 3000 pounds.
 22. The spinal implant of claim 16, said implant having a height substantially having a height substantially in the range of 0.1 mm in an unexpanded state and 100 mm in an expanded state.
 23. A selectively expandable spinal implant for anterior or posterior insertion through the foraminal space between opposed superior and inferior vertebral end plates of a patient for vertebral body replacement, comprising: a cylinder block defining two or more slave cylinders; two or more corresponding pistons positioned within said cylinders to provide a corrective bone engaging surface for expanding against a first vertebral end plate; and said cylinder block comprising a base resting on a second vertebral end plate.
 24. The spinal implant of claim 23, further comprising: a master cylinder located away from the patient for communicating a hydraulic force over a control line to a corresponding slave cylinder for selectively operating the slave pistons to impart desired anterior/posterior spinal correction and differentially operating the slave pistons to impart lateral spinal correction.
 25. The spinal implant of claim 23, further comprising: a plate having a bone engaging surface movably provided on the pistons for expanding against a first end plate to impart a desired anterior/posterior and lateral, right/left correction as the pistons are extended.
 26. The spinal implant of claim 21, further comprising: a curable polymer having a fluid state for communicating the hydraulic force to operate the slave pistons, and curing to a solid state to lock the pistons of a desired spinal correction substantially immovably in place.
 27. The spinal implant of claim 26, said cylinder block and slave cylinders comprising 614 titanium for enclosing the cured polymer, wherein the implant is able to withstand compressive forces up to a limit defined by structural failure of the 614 titanium.
 28. The spinal implant of claim 27, wherein the implant is capable of withstanding compressive forces in a range of from about 8000 up to about 12,000 Newtons or approximately 3000 pounds.
 29. The spinal implant of claim 23 wherein said implant is expandable to immobilize movement between said vertebral end plates to fix the patient's spine in a physiologic position having reduced tendency toward subsidence.
 30. The spinal implant of claim 29, further comprising: filling said cylinders a compressible fluid gas for to accommodate spinal movement, by preservable motion between said vertebral end plates.
 31. The spinal implant of claim 23, further comprising: at least two transducers for sensing forces applied to the implant during spinal movement; wherein said implant responds to sensed pressures, optimally under computer control, to operated said piston to effect corrective responsive implant shape changes that realign the patient's spine.
 32. The spinal implant of claim 31, wherein said sensors operate the pistons in accordance with any of a surgeon's specifications and changes said patient's spinal load.
 33. The spinal implant of claim 23, wherein said piston is operated by any gas, fluid, or fluid evolving into a solid state matrix, with or without a coiled spring interior that is in itself solid or tubular, wherein movement piston comprises a combination of gas, fluid, or solid, with or without the coiled internal spring inside the piston.
 34. The spinal implant of claim 23, said implant having a height substantially in the range of 0.1 mm in an unexpanded state and 100 mm in an expanded state. 